Additional Questions for Study

1. How do the craniates differ form invertebrate chordates and vertebrates?
    
2. How does the skeletal structure of a hagfish differ from a bony fish?
    
3. The neural crest is unique to vertebrates. What is it?
    
4. The ‘superclass’ name given to jawless fishes is ______________.
    
5. List two similarities and two differences between hagfish and lampreys.
    
6. Jaws are thought to have evolved from these.
    
7. How do sharks detect their prey at close range?
    
8. What happens to a shark when it stops swimming? What adaptation does it have to help keep it afloat?
    
9. List three adaptations found in bony fishes that are not found in cartilaginous fishes.
    
10. How are lungfishes adapted to live on land?
     
11. During which geological era do the bryophytes appear?
     
12. When did the bryophytes become extinct?
     
13. Which main features separate the bryophytes from other members of the plant kingdom?
     
14. Explain some of the major challenges that plants had to overcome to live on the land?
     
15. How do mosses obtain water and nutrients?
     
16. How does moss sperm reach the egg?
     
17. What is the dominant generation of mosses?
     
18. List two advantages of evolving a vascular system.
     
19. As land plants continue to evolve, what trends can be seen with regard to reproduction?
     
20. The strobilus of a club moss contains one sporangium. TRUE or FALSE? Explain your answer.
     
21. Fern gametophytes are usually bisexual so how do they promote out-crossing?
     
22. Fungi are heterotrophic organisms. Define heterotrophic.
     
23. How do coenocytic and septate hyphae differ?
     
24. What features distinguish the different groups of fungi?
     
25. List two reproductive structures that are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi.
     
26. What is happening during the processes of plasmogamy and karyogamy?
     
27. What is the distinctive feature of sexual reproduction in Rhizopus (bread mold)?
     
28. How are mushroom spores dispersed?
     
29. What is a lichen?
     
30. Where would you find endo-mycorrhizae?
     
31. Describe how fungi play an essential role in a forest ecosystem.
     
32. What differences do we see between the skeletal structure of lobe-finned fishes and the early tetrapods?
     
33. List two advances that occurred in the circulatory system of amphibians, making it more efficient.
     
34. Caecilians are legless amphibians that resemble worms. Why are they not classified with segmented worms?
     
35. Why are modern amphibians found in moist places or near water?
     
36. The amniotic egg is quite a complex structure. Describe two ways in which it contributed to the success of reptiles.
     
37. Over the “age of the reptiles” what changes occurred a) in skeletal structure, and b) skull structure. Why were these adaptations advantageous?
     
38. What is the advantage of being endothermic? What are the disadvantages of being endothermic?
     
39. How did the relationship between the sporophyte and gametophyte change as plants evolved?
     
40. Seeds became the dispersal unit for offspring. Why were seeds so successful compared to spores?
     
41. How do a seed and a spore differ with regard to structure?
     
42. Which structure, in the gymnosperm ovule, houses the egg cell?
     
43. All gymnosperms produce woody type cones. TRUE or FALSE. Explain your answer.