mRNA
mRNA runs through several steps during its usually brief existence: During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase makes a copy of a gene from the DNA to mRNA as needed. In prokaryotes, no further processing of mRNA occurs (except in rare cases), and often translation of the mRNA into protein occurs even while transcription is going on. In eukaryotes, transcription and translation occur in different parts of the cell (transcription in the nucleus, where DNA is kept, and translation in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes reside). Also in eukaryotes, mRNA undergoes several processing steps before it is ready to be translated:
  1. addition of a 5' cap - A modified guanine nucleotide is added to the "front" of the message. This is critical for recognition and proper attachment of the ribosome.
  2. splicing - The pre-mRNA is modified to remove certain stretches of non-coding sequences called introns; the stretches that remain include protein-coding sequences and are called exons. Sometimes one pre-mRNA message may be spliced in several different ways, allowing 1 gene to encode multiple functions. Most RNA splicing is performed by enzymes, but some RNA molecules are also capable of catalyzing their own splicing (see ribozymes).
  3. polyadenylation - A sequence (often several hundred) of adenine nucleotides is added to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA. This helps increase the half-life of the message, so that the transcript lasts longer in the cell and consequently is translated more and produces more protein.

After the mRNA has been processed, it is exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it is bound to ribosomes and translated into protein. After a certain amount of time the message degrades into its component nucleotides, usually with the assistance of RNAses.